Case Study On Improvement Of Low Voltage Power Engineering Essay

Case Study On Improvement Of Low Voltage Power Engineering Essay This case study provides investigations on low voltage power distribution system in terms of electrical system design at INTEC Section 17 Shah Alam. It was conducted to ensure that the system applied is viable where it could lead to reliable and economical distribution of power. Therefore, this project was focused on 415V feeder pillar where suggestion can be offered to improve the respected system design. Distribution system is a system built to provide a means of economically and reliably distributing power from one, or occasionally more than one main location to a number of geographically dispersed load centres within a defined site boundary [1]. Low voltage power distribution system is the portion between primary feeder and utilization equipment. Therefore, the purpose of low voltage distribution is to distribute power to end user where at the same time providing safe conditions. Internatioanl Education College (INTEC) Section 17, Shah Alam is the place where this case study was carried. The low voltage distribution system applied at INTEC is conventional simple radial distribution system where the operation and expansion of the system are simple. However, problems occur as the power transformer (2000kVA 11kV/433V) is overheated and the cables insulation of secondary windings is melted due to overload. The system itself is quite old where feeder pillar used to allocate the power to specify load is quite congested where it need some upgrade. Therefore, to tackle those problems regarding on low voltage distribution system, suggestions can be offered to improve the system that meets the specifications of electrical standard and at the same time satisfy the end users. Hopefully it can be additional information for the INTEC Facility Unit to overcome the problems and upgrade the respected feeder pillar to provide safe, economical and reliable power to the end users. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this case study are: To obtain a relative information regarding on the low voltage power distribution system of INTEC. To observe the congested feeder pillar design and implementation at INTEC. To identify problems related to the congested feeder pillar. To propose for the improvement of congested feeder pillar. METHODOLOGY The case study of low voltage power distribution at INTEC was carried out based on the primer source of information such as books, journals, articles and related electrical specifications by The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineer (IEE), Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), Suruhanjaya Tenaga (ST) and Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR). With cooperation of local Facility Unit of INTEC, observations of respected substation and feeder pillar have been done. Some photo and reading has been taken to visualize the respected problems regarding on the overheated transformer and congested feeder pillar. Therefore, from those data, suggestions can be offered to overcome the problems and at the same time to improve the congested feeder pillar. Finally, for future study, opinions can raised for the further improvement of low voltage power distribution system. LOW VOLTAGE POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Distribution Feeder Feeder is the distribution lines that carry power throughout the distribution system. Radial distribution feeders are characterized by having only single path for power to flow from the source (substation) to the consumer load. The distribution network is composed of the substations and the feeders that they supply. Feeders are composed of sections each serving a purpose. The mainline is the backbone of the feeder and is typically a three-phase line generally designed for 400A nominal and 600A contingency loading. From this mainline, three-phase or single-phase laterals extend. Laterals are branches that are connected to the main line to serve loads, which can have laterals of their own. To protect mainlines from faults in the laterals, these are typically fused or switched by remote reclosers. Figure 1. Electricity Supply Specification in Malaysia The most common configuration for feeders is a four-wire wye configuration; one conductor for each of the three phases plus a solid multi-grounded neutral conductor. Nevertheless, less common configurations are three wire wye and delta configurations. Four-wire wye configurations are extensively used for their safety and easy fault protection [4]-[7]. This circuit type permits the use of under-rated voltage equipment by using phase-to-ground voltages, and fuse protection for ground faults. Feeder Pillar Feeder Pillar is the electrical compartment that consists of equipment that distributes power to the respected loads. It controls the switching of load where at the same time provides protection to the distribution line. Conventional feeder pillar consists of busbar, circuit breaker, earthing protection and metering equipment. The loads can be calculated by (1) for single phase and (2) for three phase system where it is proportional to voltage (V), current (I) and angle between voltage and current (ÃŽ ¸): P=VI cos ÃŽ ¸. (1) P=√3 VI cos ÃŽ ¸. (2) By applying diversity factor, the load consumption should be less than the calculated value from (1) or (2) where the same load will not be used all the time. Diversity is the engineering principle that in any given installation, some of the connected loads will not be running at the same time instant as other loads [8]. Therefore the maximum demand of loads can be obtained to ensure that the cable and protection used is viable throughout the system. The voltage drop of cable is affected by cable length (L), tabulated voltage drop (mV/A/m) and the design current (Ib) as shown in (3). v.d. (V) = [(mV/A/m) L Ib]/1000. (3) Protection Moulded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB) is used to interrupt the current path during fault occurrence. It is applicable for TPN (Three Phase and Neutral) cables while Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) has lower rating compared to MCCB and it is only applied for SPN (Single Phase and Neutral) line. Earthing of the feeder pillar will provide protection from leakage current to ensure the safety to human from the danger of electric shocks during testing or maintenance. LOW VOLTAGE POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN INTEC INTEC HT Distribution System The incoming supply for INTEC from TNB is 11kV. Then it is step down to 415V by 2000KVA distribution transformer. The overall HT simplified schematic diagram of INTEC can be observed as below: Figure 2. Simplified schematic diagram for HT electrical system in INTEC Low Voltage Distribution System Next, the focus will be at Pencawang Elektrik No.1 where observation is done at Feeder Pillar No.1. The schematic diagram of LV side from Pencawang Elektrik No.1 can be seen from Fig. 3. INTEC used radial distribution feeder since it required lower cost, easier fault current protection, lower fault current and easier voltage control. Figure 3. MSB schematic diagram of LV at Pencawang Elektrik No. 1 Feeder Pillar Feeder Pillar No.1 is located between Block B (Cafeteria) and Block A (Computer Lab). This feeder pillar was connected from MSB. The maximum current rating for the MCCB of incoming is 600A. C:UsersuserDesktopINTECN8 Afdhalfeeder pillar 2.jpg Figure 4. Feeder Pillar No. 1 This respected feeder pillar distributes power to Bengkel Seni, Futsal Court, Cafeteria and Compound Feeder Pillar (Fig. 5). Figure 5. Schematic diagram for Feeder Pillar No.1 By applying the diversity factor, the value of protection and cable sizing shall fit the estimated load. TABLE.I shows the maximum load that the system can withstand at a time. The power at maximum demand is calculated using (2). The power factor is maintained at 0.85. TABLE I. LOAD AT MAXIMUM DEMAND Load Power (kW) MCCB Rating (A) Bengkel Seni 61.098 100 Futsal Court 38.492 63 Cafeteria 61.098 100 Compound Feeder Pillar 48.878 80 (Estimated value of load at maximum demand in Feeder Pillar No. 1) From the existing load as tabulated above, the calculated nominal current is 341.363A using (2). Therefore the rated current of MCCB for the incoming is viable where the rated current of MCCB is 600A. The cables are connected to the busbar. Types of cables used is 4 core, 0.6/1kV, Copper Cable with earth termination. The cables are terminated to the busbar as visualised in Fig.6. C:UsersuserDesktopINTECN8 Afdhalconnection 2.jpg Figure 6. Cables connection to the busbar. From the above figure, it can be observed that the cables connection quite messy where it is hard to indicate which cable is connected to their respected load. It is not labelled to identify the cable. If fault occurrence, it will took a time for the technician to perform maintenance due to the congested condition of the cable. The cable size for each line can be seen from TABLE II. TABLE II . CABLE SIZING Type MCCB (A) Cable Size (mm2) 2 x 4C XLPE 600 185 1 x 4C XLPE 100 50 1 x 4C XLPE 100 50 1 x 4C XLPE 80 35 1 x 4C XLPE 63 25 Earthing Earthing is purposely used to protect human from electric shock due to current leakage. Therefore this feeder pillar has the same earthing mechanism for safety reason. C:UsersuserDesktopINTEC1-3-2011 Firdaus N701032011023.jpg Figure 7. Earthing of Feeder Pillar No.1 From the fig. 7, all cables are terminated at the same point where it can provide easy path with a low resistance to earth and protect consumer from electric shock. However, those earth cables is not insulated which could lead to current leakage throughout the feeder pillar compartment in case the cable touch the wall of feeder pillar where it is made of steel (good conductor). Therefore, if such case happened it will cause electric shock to human who touch the feeder pillar. PROPOSED SYSTEM Radial Distribution System Improvement By referring back to the type of distribution feeder system approached at INTEC, radial type of distribution feeder is applied. Even though radial circuits are simpler to operate and maintain, in order to increase the reliability and power quality of distribution feeders, networked configurations must be used [4][5][8]. However the installation cost of network system will be major obstacle where it required total modification of system. Therefore, primary loop radial distribution system can be applied to make the system more reliable. Figure 8. Primary loop distribution system Figure 9. Proposed MCB Fig. 8 and 9 illustrate on how the system will look alike when improvement can be applied. The primary loop consists of two feeders which serve one or several loads. If one feeder fails, the normally open switch can be automatically (or manually) closed to feed the loads from the backup feeder, once the bad section has been sectionalized. This approach is very useful especially for underground cable system since the maintenance of underground cables is complex process that would create long interruptions if failure occurs. Feeder Pillar Proposed Design From the Feeder Pillar No.1, suggestion can be offered to improve the system is upgrading the feeder pillar to MSB. By referring back to fig. 5, there were two loads that have circuit breaker rating of 100A TPN MCCB while in the MSB as in fig. 3 there were spare load that can be used. Therefore those two loads from Cafeteria and Bengkel Seni can be directly connected to MSB. By this action, the congested condition of feeder pillar can be solved. Figure 10. Upgrade of feeder pillar to MSB Some benefits can be obtained if the load of Bengkel Seni and Cafeteria is transferred to MSB: If fault occur at Feeder Pillar No. 1, those loads will not being interrupted. Therefore it promises the continuity of power supply to the load. The voltage drop of each cable is shown in TABLE III. TABLE III. CABLE VOLTAGE DROP Size (mm2) mV/A/m Length (m) Ib Voltage Drop (V) 185 0.22 100 278.241 6.12 50 0.86 10 81.84 0.70 80 81.84 5.63 35 1.15 10 65.47 0.753 25 1.60 150 49.10 11.784 (Voltage drop of respected cable in the Feeder Pillar No.1) From TABLE III, it shows that the incoming cables itself occupy high voltage drop which is 6.12V for each cable. Then, if load of Bengkel Seni and Cafeteria is upgraded to MSB, the voltage drop can be observed from TABLE IV. TABLE IV. LOAD VOLTAGE DROP Load Calculated Voltage Drop (V) Future Length (m) Future Voltage Drop (V) Percentage (%) Bengkel Seni 11.75 180 12.67 3.05 Cafeteria 6.82 110 7.742 1.87 (Future voltage drop if load of Bengkel Seni and Cafeteria is upgraded into MSB) Although the voltage drop risen up since the length of occupied cable is increased, the voltage can be reduce by replacing higher cross sectional area of the cable. However, the value of voltage drop is still within the specified value of allowed voltage drop [8]. By connecting those loads to MSB, the existed feeder pillar will not be congested anymore. Those two loads that were directly connected to MSB will became spare and it can be used for future expansion of nearest building located near to the respected feeder pillar (refer fig. 11). Figure 11. Empty slot of loads acted as spare Therefore the future load will be based on TABLE V. Load Power (kW) MCCB Rating (A) Futsal Court 38.492 63 Compound Feeder Pillar 48.878 80 Spare Spare The total load at Feeder Pillar No.1 will be about only 70kW where the nominal current value from the incoming will be only 114.57V that could lead to only 2.52V of voltage drop. Earthing For earthing cable, it is wise to insulate those cables with PVC insulator to avoid any electric shock due to current leakage. It must meet the electrical standard where earth cable must be insulated with green or green/yellow insulation based on fig. 12 [6]. http://www.china-wire-cable.com/photo/6654ca80a2286ebde6efb52e3ffbab88/Earth-Cable.jpg Figure 12. Proper insulation of earth cable Comments and Suggestion The project will become a wise step to ensure that the respected Feeder Pillar No. 1 will become a reliable where it can provide a continuity of supply to a certain loads. However this project could not be implemented immediately since it will took period of time where maintenance underground cables is a complex task where it require skills and occupy more human power. In addition, the substation (PE No.1) need to be shutdown to perform the upgrade process where ironically the substation itself must distribute power to important places such as administration office where it operates 24 hours a day and 7 days per week. Therefore it is recommended that this project must be implemented during the holiday where the total shutdown of PE No.1 can be done and the task of upgrade of the system can be performed by the respected party. CONCLUSION From the case study that was carried out, it is necessary for Facility Unit of INTEC to consider those suggestions in order to overcome any problems related to low voltage power distribution system. FUTURE STUDY Surge protection was integrated within the low voltage distribution system to protect the system from lightning strikes. For future study, the recommendation that can be offered to further the respected case study is to perform research on surge protection system in low voltage power distribution system in INTEC. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author would like to express appreciation to his supervisor Ir. Harizan Che Mat Haris due to wise guidance and advices. For INTEC Facility Unit, the author felt pleasured to carry out this case study where he can affix his knowledge and gather more experience. Finally the author wants to offer his gratitude to people who was contributed toward the completion of this case study.

Homeschooling vs. Public Schooling Essay

Homeschool and public school, which one is better for my child? What about the cost? Which educational setting will my child benefit the most from? These are questions that parents need to ask before making a decision such as this one. Also, parents need to know that both homeschool and public schools appeal to people of all race, religion, and political viewpoints (Romanowski, 2001). Whether a parent chooses to homeschool their child or send them to public school, is a decision that needs to be researched on the performance, cost, and their child’s life after school. First, when choosing which educational setting is best for their child, parents need to research students’ performance for both types of schooling. Studies have shown that children who are homeschooled score better on test than those who are in public school (Some Fascinating Facts, n.d.). Possible reasons being that the homeschooled child has more one-on-one time with the teacher, and they are able to spend as much time as they need to on the subjects that they are struggling with, if any. The time that is allowed for each part of the curriculum may be too fast or too slow for the child who is attending public school (Homeschooling vs. Public, n.d.). Children who go to public schools are able to participate in group discussions and debates (Homeschooling vs. Public, n.d.). Students are able to develop their social skills, and learn to interact with children their own age. Next, the cost can also affect whether the parent decides to homeschool or  send their child to public school. Depending on the choices that a parent makes and the supplies that are needed, homeschooling one child can cost from $300-$2500 per year (Mohr, 2012). According to the National Retail Federation in 2012, the average cost for a parent to send their child to public school was around $634 per year (Klein, 2013). Lastly, depending on which educational setting the parent chooses can affect the student’s life after school. Children who were homeschooled had a GPA of 3.41 their freshman year of college, compared to other students who had a 3.12 (Some Fascinating Facts, n.d.). Students in public schools may even discover that the lessons they learned outside the classroom, in extracurricular activities such as basketball or chess club, help them cope with future challenges in the workplace (I Have A, n.d.). Therefore, choosing to homeschool or send a child to public school is not a very easy decision for parents to make; much thought and research needs to be done on students’ performance, the cost of each, and what is in store for the student after graduating. Homeschoolers score better on tests than those in the public setting. Though, children who are homeschooled are not able to participate in group discussions or even class debates. Homeschooling, for one child, can cost anywhere from $300 to $2500 per year; parents who decide to send their child to public school pay on average $634 a year. Homeschooled children had a better GPA their freshman year of college than the students who graduated from public school. The students who attend a public school and also are involved in some type of extracurricular activity, are able to cope better with the challenges in the workplace. Whatever educational setting the parent decides is best for their child, they need to know that there ar e both benefits and disadvantages with each decision. References â€Å"Homeschooling vs. Public Schooling.† (n.d.). _Homeschooling Ideas._ Retreived on May 24, 2014 from http://www.homeschooling-ideas.com/homeschooling-vs-public-school.html. I Have A Plan Iowa â„ ¢. (n.d.). _- Article_. Retrieved June 6, 2014, from https://www.ihaveaplaniowa.gov/Home/Article.aspx?articleId=IGeYH2kUApurN7JfmoFVeQXAP3DPAXXAP3DPAX&level=3XAP2FPAX6J7I3kztATGuYyXAP2BPAXDahIQXAP3DPAXXAP3DPAX. Klein, R. (August 20, 2013). â€Å"Back-To-School Shopping Costs: How Much Parents Should Expect To Spend This Year.† _Huffington Post._ Retrieved on May 24, 2014 from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/20/back-to-school-shopping_n_3751079.html. Mohr, A. (August 27, 2012), â€Å"How To Start Homeschooling Your Kids.† _Investopedia._ Retrieved on May 24, 2014 from http://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0812/how-to-start-homeschooling-your-kids.aspx. Romanowski, M. H. (2001). Undoing the ‘Us vs. Them’ of Public and Home Schooling. _Education Digest_, _66_(9), 41. â€Å"Some Fascinating Facts About Homeschool vs Public School.† (n.d). _Homeschool World_. Retrieved on 24 May 2014 from http://www.home-school.com/news/homeschool-vs-public-school.php.

Purchasing Descriptive Story Writing Essay Samples

Purchasing Descriptive Story Writing Essay Samples Even if you're a seasoned writer, a story web can offer you additional ideas for a plot line and hasten the idea generating process. In case you have any question or doubt, please don't hesitate to Contact Us. Make sure that you don't incorporate any new info to the last portion of your essay and just paraphrase everything which you've stated before. The following writing websites are excellent for writers who have a little extra time or will need to have a fast break and would like to spend it productively. If you would like practical tips on how to sell your books on Amazon and earn a living from your writing, you must read Steve Scott's blog. If you're intent on creating a living as a self-employed writer, you are going to be excited about C. Hope Clark's goldmine of resources. Jane Friedman has over 20 decades of experience in the book publishing market. Rachelle Gardner's website is just one of the most common literary-agent blogs. Based in Toronto, Wattpad is one of the biggest book communities on the net, and among the largest sources of free reads. Publetariat gives practical info on networking, author sites, and the publishing procedure. Writing a novel is an immense project, but there are a large selection of tools available that may produce the process itself much simpler. Whether you require memoir coaching, copywriting help, publishing advice or all the above, her website is a full of high-quality info. Excellent sample essays for young children aren't simple to locate. You have to have encountered all of these in the books you've been through. Perhaps you should quit reading and begin writing your novel. Secondly, and most significantly, fanfic authors can make money on what they wrote. A Startling Fact about Descriptive Story Writing Essay Samples Uncovered Together with the UK Essay Help undergraduates cannot be worried about the time but delight in a complete life. Making a map can help inspire fantastic adventures. The website is powered by communities. It is very well organized. Research is among your early and most vital actions in the practice of character development. In fact, it has shown that communication is only 10% of what we say and 90% of how we say it. No matter what you would like to achieve in 2016, we're confident you'll find superior inspiration and resources. The objective is to write something daily, whatever it is. Just make certain to pick a terrific subject, and it is going to already be half of your success. The playful strategy is important and it ought to be used whenever a kid has to handle an issue and he must address it somehow. An idea may be a child would like to develop into an astronaut. Just ensure that it is something which you require, not just something that you want in the brief term. If kids engage in writing from a young age, they will have the ability to expand their creative potential. The issue might be with the family of the kid and it can't be solved, but they are able to discover how to correctly live with this. There has to be a struggle the protagonist should attempt and fail at reaching his objective. Using a cliched character, you're signaling to your readers that no imagination and for that reason no interaction is demanded. Every character wants a selection. Perhaps your principal character had an opportunity to correct everything at the start of your book, and again in the center, but their flaw made them screw this up. In addition, there are many comics and lots of fan art. Take a look at the number of characters you've introduced and ask yourself whether you need all of them. On FanFiction you're able to come across stories about almost anything you want. An important issue is that you may enjoy reading stories from FanFiction on your cellular phone. There's no need to sign in in order to read the stories. Make certain you read their terms of service before you register. There'll always be days where the words simply don't appear to come. Write backwards or within a foreign language.

The Downfall of Victor Frankenstein - 1877 Words

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Evelyn Yeo in â€Å"How Does Emotional Abuse Affect Self- Esteem,† concludes that from the time of infant-hood to childhood, a chi ld’s sense of self is defined by how he was treated and what he was told by his parents and primary caregivers. Infants especially, have no knowledge of who they are as a separate person so they rely heavily on their parents’ feedback. From parents’ trust, affection, and encouragement, the child will eventually grow up with confidence and achieve potential to make him or her parents’ proud. Overtime, self esteem will soon build upon them so they are prepared to be set in the real world (1). On the other hands, these stages in helping and encouraging a kid are important for them to able to become an adult. But once again, Frankenstein never displays how a father would act. Yet, Victor only showed sign of terror by the repulsive exterior of the creature. 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Police Department And Other Agencies Within The Criminal...

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Aig Accounting Scandal Free Essays

Guidelines for Memos A list of resources for good business writing appears at the end of this document. It is strongly recommended that any serious business person consider owning writing resources. Written communication is often the distinguishing factor in determining career success in any business or government environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Aig Accounting Scandal or any similar topic only for you Order Now The following are general guidelines intended to assist the student attempting to write a business memo for the first time. A memo (short for memorandum which is latin for thing to be remembered) is used extensively for internal business communication. Every company or government has its own format but typically there is a centered heading â€Å"Memorandum† at the top of the page, followed by left indented sub-headings â€Å"To:† (followed by â€Å"CC:† where appropriate), â€Å"From:†, â€Å"Date:† and â€Å"Subject:†. Note that CC is short for Carbon Copy – individuals who are receiving a copy of the memo for information purposes only. Typically memos are written to announce, clarify, respond, question or address any important issue within the entity. Memos are brief – few are longer than a page – so writers must choose their words carefully. Since they will be read by colleagues, managers, subordinates, etc. , a sloppy or inaccurate or long-winded memo can result in readers questioning the competence of the author. The addressee, any copied recipients and the sender are all identified only by name and title, e. g. John Smith, Manager, Internal Control. Telephone extension numbers or e-mail addresses can also be included, optionally. The Subject line should tell the reader exactly what the memo is about in as few words as possible. Examples are: â€Å"New Delivery Schedule for C-920†, â€Å"Policy re. Car Pooling†, â€Å"Christmas Shutdown Dates†, etc. The body of the memo need not be as formal as a letter since the recipients all work for the same company. Having said that, the more senior the audience, the more formal the style. However, in-house jargon and/or acronyms are acceptable (e. g. â€Å"as per CLQ regs. † or â€Å"this is consistent with RM-30†). Further, an informal or conversational style with short forms is also acceptable, particularly when the memo is being written to a colleague. Note that the reason for communicating by memo rather than by phone or personal visit, is so the sender and recipient have written evidence concerning the subject at hand. Therefore, the language chosen must be clear enough that there is no doubt as to how the subject will be treated and what course future actions will take. The reality is many memos are written to protect the writer rather than inform the recipient. Business Communication Resources Alred, G. J. , Brusaw, C. T. , Oliu, W. E. (2006). The business writer’s handbook (8th ed. ). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s. Guffey, M. E. , Almonte, R. (2013). Essentials of business communication (7th Canadian ed. ). Toronto: Nelson. (includes sections on resumes, cover letters, speaking skills and career search) Guffey, M. E. , Loewy, D. , Rhodes, K. Rogin, P. (2013). Business communication : Process and product (4th Brief Canadian ed. ). Toronto: Nelson. (includes sections on resumes, cover letters and career search) Locker, K. O. , Kaczmarek, S. K. , Braun, K. (2010). Business communication: Building critical skills (4th Canadian ed. ). Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Harty, K. J. (2008). Strategies for business and technical writing (6th ed. ). New York: Pearson Longman. Lindsell-Roberts, S. (2006). 135 tips for writing successful business documents. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. Davis, K. (2010) The McGraw-Hill 36-Hour Course in Business writing and Communications. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hogue, A. (2004) The Essentials of English: A Writer’s Handbook. White Plains, NY. : Pearson Education (lots of grammar/punctuation resources) Strunk Jr. , W. White, E. B. (1999 or 2011) The Elements of Style. New York: Pearson Longman (brief classic guide to common writing mistakes and corrections) Zinsser, W. (2006) On Writing Well: The Classic Guide to Writing Non-Fiction. New York: Harper (another very brief classic guide considered helpful by most writers) Online Writing Lab at Purdue University: http://owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/ (arguably the best online resource, covering a broad range of useful topics) How to cite Aig Accounting Scandal, Essay examples

Hyundai project free essay sample

The automotive industry is a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design, development, manufacture, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles. It is one of the worlds most important economic sectors by revenue. The automotive industry does not include industries dedicated to the maintenance of automobiles following delivery to the end-user, such as automobile repair shops and motor fuel filling stations. Automotive industry is the key driver of any growing economy. It plays a pivotal role in countrys rapid economic and industrial development. It caters to the requirement of equipment for basic industries like steel, non-ferrous metals, fertilisers, refineries, petrochemicals, shipping, textiles, plastics, glass, rubber, capital equipments, logistics, paper, cement, sugar, etc. It facilitates the improvement in various infrastructure facilities like power, rail and road transport. Due to its deep forward and backward linkages with almost every segment of the economy, the industry has a strong and positive multiplier effect and thus propels progress of a nation. The automotive industry comprises of the automobile and the auto component sectors. It includes passenger cars; light, medium and heavy commercial vehicles; multi-utility vehicles such as jeeps, scooters, motor-cycles, three wheelers, tractors, etc; and auto components like engine parts, drive and transmission parts, suspension and braking parts , electricals, body and chassis parts; etc. Global Scenario The global automotive car market is growing at a rate of only 2 percent per annum and is not expected to pick up in the near term. Growth has dropped due to the increasing levels of saturation in the larger car markets of the world. Worldwide the trend is towards ensuring that ones products are superior in terms of quality. This will enhance the useful life of cars and, hence, slow down growth in sales. The world car production has increased from 44. 66 mn in 1996 to an estimated 48. 3 mn cars in 1999. Japan, Canada and USA brought about the major increases, which contribute to 53% of the worlds car production. The largest car market the US market expects car sales to decline 8 to 9 per cent to 16 million cars in 2001, as compared to 17. 4 million cars sold in 2000. The USA and Japan are the leaders with around 42% of the total world market. However, since the last two to three years, the international passenger car industry has been witnessing an over capacity of more than 30%. The trend suggests that industry volumes may grow by just 2% or around 10 mn vehicles per year. If this situation continues for the next few years the world car market may witness shakeout in the near future. Already signs towards this are being observed as the phenomenon of mergers catches on. The recent mergers in the international car market are Ford-Volvo, Renault-Nissan, Daimler-Chrysler. A few more players are expected to join the fray in the next few years so as to strengthen their hold in the world market. Among the top car manufacturing companies General Motors and Ford Motors group of USA lead with a contribution of 15. 8% and 11. 6%, of world car production, respectively. Volkswagen and Toyota stand third and fourth with more than 9% contribution each to the world car production. The global domination of the larger automotive manufacturers is slowly on the wane and the trend in sales is shifting towards more regio-centric products. Automakers that have been enjoying a generally prosperous spell would have to rethink on the way vehicles are designed, manufactured, distributed or sold. With global consolidation in the car industry, it is expected that more international players will work closely to bring about operational efficiencies. By nature, the car industry is highly capital-intensive and vast amounts of money are being spent on RD. With the players getting together to produce more technologically superior cars, they can derive greater benefits from their RD efforts. Profits, which are under pressure due to wafer thin margins will be boosted due to greater economies of scale. Moreover, bigger capacities among players means lesser fixed costs per car produced. Even if mergers are not on the cards in the near future (one can see that the Daimler-Chrysler merger has not brought about synergies as expected by automobile experts), technology-sharing and the offering of equity stakes is inevitable. Indian Scenario The automotive industry in India is one of the larger markets in the world. It had previously been one of the fastest growing globally, but is currently experiencing flat or negative growth rates Indias passenger car and commercial vehicle manufacturing industry is the sixth largest in the world, with an annual production of more than 3. 9 million units in 2011. According to recent reports, India overtook Brazil and became the sixth largest passenger vehicle producer in the world (beating such old and new auto makers as Belgium, United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Mexico, Russia, Spain, France, Brazil), grew 16 to 18 percent to sell around three million units in the course of 2011 and 2012. In 2009, India emerged as Asias fourth largest exporter of passenger cars, behind Japan, South Korea, and Thailand. In 2010, India beat Thailand to become Asias third largest exporter of passenger cars. As of 2010, India is home to 40 million passenger vehicles. More than 3. 7 million automotive vehicles were produced in India in 2010 (an increase of 33. 9%), making the country the second (after China) fastest growing automobile market in the world in that year. According to the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers, annual vehicle sales are projected to increase to 4 million by 2015, no longer 5 million as previously projected. The majority of Indias car manufacturing industry is based around three clusters in the south, west and north. The southern cluster consisting of Chennai is the biggest with 35% of the revenue share. The western hub near Mumbai and Pune contributes to 33% of the market and the northern cluster around the National Capital Region contributes 32%. In 2011, there were 3,695 factories producing automotive parts in all of India The average firm made US$6 million in annual revenue with profits close to US$400 thousand. Key players in the industry Tata Motors Is an Indian multinational automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India and a subsidiary of the Tata Group. Its products include passenger cars, trucks, vans, coaches, buses, construction equipment and military vehicles. It is the worlds sixteenth-largest motor vehicle manufacturing company, fourth-largest truck manufacturer and second-largest bus manufacturer by volume. Tata Motors is listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index, the National Stock Exchange of India and the New York Stock Exchange. Tata Motors is ranked 314th in the 2012 Fortune Global 500 ranking of the worlds biggest corporations. Maruti Suzuki Maruti Suzuki India, popularly recognized as Maruti, is an auxiliary company of Japanese auto company Suzuki Motor Corporation. A complete range of car movels are manufactured by Maruti starting from initial level Maruti 800, Maruti Esteem and Alto, to hatchback Ritz, A-Star, Maruti Omni, Multi Purpose vehicle Ertiga and Sports Utility vehicle Grand Vitara and many more. By 2012 market share reports, Maruti holds 37 percent of the Indian passenger car market. The Brand Trust Report published by Trust Research Advisory has ranked Maruti Suzuki in the seventh position in 2011 and the sixth position in 2012 among the most searched brands in India. Mahindra Mahindra Headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra Mahindra Mahindra is among the top automobile manufacturers in India. According to ‘Republic of India’, production wise, MM is one of the largest vehicle manufacturers in India. It is a subsidiary of Indian conglomerate Mahindra Group. Mahindra Mahindra was ranked 68th in 2011 and 66th in 2012 among Most Trusted Brands among 17000 brands as per the Brand Trust Report. Blue bytes News rated Mahindra Mahindra as Indias second Most Reputed Car Company conducted for the Auto (Cars) Sector launched in April 2012. Chevrolet India After Maruti Suzuki, Hyundai, Tata and Mahindra Chevrolet India is the fifth largest auto manufacturer in India. It is a joint venture of General Motors based at U. S. The popular models of Chevrolet in India are Chevrolet Spark, Chevrolet Tavera, Chevrolet Cruze, Chevrolet Captiva etc. Chevrolet India currently has 205 dealerships and more than 200 service centres in 178 cities across India. Hyundai Motor India Limited Wholly owned by Hyundai Motor Company, Hyundai Motor India is the second largest automobile manufacturer in India. After Maruti Suzuki it is the largest auto exporter in India. It deals in producing small cars on a large scale, making India the global manufacturing base for small cars. The popular Hyundai models in India are Santro Xing, i10 and the i20, Getz Prime, Accent, second generation Verna, Tucson, and the Sonata Transform. Ford India Headquartered in Chengalpattu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Ford India is the sixth largest auto manufacturer in India. It is a fully owned subsidiary of Ford Motor Company. Since 1995 to 2012 Ford Motor Company invested around $2 billion in the automobile sector. Few popular Ford India models are Ford Figo, Ford Classic, Ford Fiesta, Ford Endeavour. The least priced model of Ford is Ford Figo is priced at 3, 84,999 and the highest priced model of Ford is Ford Endeavour priced at 21, 19,745. Honda Cars India Honda Cars India is a subsidiary of the Honda Motor Company of Japan which concentrates in the production, marketing and export of passenger cars in India. The production operations in India are mainly carried in Greater Noida in Uttar Pradesh and at Bhiwadi in Rajasthan. In the year 2010 the total investment in its production facilities was over $16. 2 billion. Few of the highest priced models of Honda are Honda CR-V, Honda Accord, and Honda Civic etc. Toyota Kirloskar Motors Toyota Kirloskar Motors is a joint venture between Toyota Motor Corporation and the Kirloskar Group and is the manufacturer and merchandiser of Toyota cars in India. In 2011, it publicized that it was escalating production to 210,000 vehicles per yearly due to increase in demand for its models particularly the Etios and Fortuner. Toyota is all equipped for giving its production a big boost up. Toyota Kirloskar Motor plans to trek the production capacity of its Etios series models by 75 percent by 2013. Toyota owns few of the finest luxury car models like Toyota Land Cruiser, Toyota Land Cruiser Prado, and Toyota Prius etc. PEST Analysis PEST refers to all political, economic, social and technological factors affecting any industry. The objective of PEST analysis is to objectively study the environmental factors facing a firm, company or an industry. The external environment affects the company in many different manner and unlike internal environment it cannot be influenced much. Political Factors Indian government has changed its role from controller to facilitator with prime focus onproviding better infrastructure, growth ori-ented economic policies and right environment to attract investments. This has made giant auto manufacturers enter into India and a? ect the competitive environment. The liberalization steps, such as, relaxation of the foreign exchange and equity regulations, reduction of tari? s on imports, and re? ning the banking policies, have played an equally important role in bringing the Indian Auto-motive industry to great heights. Institutionalization of automobile ? nance has further paved the way to sustain a long-term high growth for the industry. Economic Factors Rising GDP consecutively for the last 5 years has led to increased purchasing power and hence the automobiles. Per capita Income is rising , which is a? ecting the segments of automobiles being ventured into. There is cut Throat competition among many players in market. Increasing urbanization of rural India also has given rise to increase in sales. The concept of service in auto industry has changed into customer care now , thus en-compassing the greater value into it. Social Factors Indian families are becoming increasingly nu-clear Increasing Propensity to spend Increasing distances between work-place and residence Increase in percentage of working women has increased number of earning members in a family Technical Factors Alternate Fuel: increasing use Use of CNG and LPG instead of conventional fuel has made the entry of new kinds of vehicle in the market. Advent of Internet: The customer can now use the Internet to place the order and expect the manufacturer to ful? ll his customized demand in the minimum time. Electric Car: With technological advancements electrical car may emerge as a preferred option. Porter’s 5 forces analysis. Five Forces Analysis was developed by Michael Porter to better identify competitive opportunities and attractiveness within an industry or market. Porter’s model supports analysis of driving forces in an industry. The management can make better decision by using the information that evaluated from detailed Five Forces Analysis. Porter’s model supports analysis of driving forces in an industry. Automobile is one of the most convenient transportation tools in our modern society today. The management can make better decision by using the information that evaluated from detailed Five Forces Analysis. The five forces that Michael Porter has identified are: Threat of New Entrants: MEDIUM It is not that easy for an entrant to enter into a car industry because of the brand loyalty of customers. However, some of the well known foreign companies entered into US car industry easily, for instance, when Honda Motor, Co. opened its first office in Ohio, the major competitions began. The expansion of the foreign entrants decreases the market of American companies. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: LOW Suppliers have a little power in an automobile industry. That’s because numerous suppliers rely on some particular auto manufacturers to buy their products. Each manufacturer has many suppliers. For example,Toyota has more than 10 different suppliers in US. The main qualifications of the suppliers are the quality, cost, and delivery of the products. If suppliers can’t meet those basic considerations, it is hard for them to survive. Bargaining Power of Customers: HIGH There are various brands and models of the cars to choose from nowadays. The factors that affect consumer to make a buying decision are: the appearance, quality, price, and environmental effect. People always want a new and nice looking car. For those rich people who love cars, they always purchase the new released and attractive model. Besides that, the quality of the car is an important issue. The car has to efficient, which means saving gas, protecting our safety, and running fast. In addition, since there are many competitors, consumer have more choices to select a cheaper, but good quality car. Moreover, because of the global warming and other environmental effects, a lot of the manufacturers make their cars unique in order to protect the environment. Based on a variety of the lifestyles, people choose to purchase a car in a different way. Threats of Substitutes: LOW It is true that there are many of transportations substituting automobiles. They are bicycles, subways, buses, and trains. These substitutions really make our life easier if we live in the cities. On the other hand, for those people who live in Utah, upstate NY or suburb area, car is the only transportation tool other than walking. Competitive Rivalry between Existing Players: LOW Competition between existing automobile companies is high because there are too many choices for the customers. That may cause the industry earning lower profits when the cost of the competition is high. CHAPTER 2 COMPANY PROFILE HISTORY Hyundai Motor India Limited is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Hyundai Motor Company in India. It is the 2nd largest automobile manufacturer in India. Hyundai Accent car used by the Greater Chennai Police. Hyundai Santro Xing/Atos Prime is made only by Hyundai Motor India Limited. Hyundai Motor India Limited was formed in 6 May 1996 by the Hyundai Motor Company of South Korea. When Hyundai Motor Company entered the Indian Automobile Market in 1996 the Hyundai brand was almost unknown throughout India. During the entry of Hyundai in 1996, there were only five major automobile manufacturersinIndia,i. e. Maruti, Hindustan, Premier, Tata and Mahindra. Daewoo had entered the Indian automobile market with Cielo just three years back while Ford, Opel and Honda had entered less than a year back. For more than a decade till Hyundai arrived, Maruti Suzuki had a near monopoly over the passenger cars segment because TELCO and MM were solely utility and commercial vehicle manufacturers, while Hindustan and Premier both built outdated and uncompetitive products. HMILs first car, the Hyundai Santro was launched in 23 September 1998 and was a runaway success. Within a few months of its inception HMIL became the second largest automobile manufacturer and the largest automobile exporter in India. Hyundai Motor India Limited (HMIL) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Hyundai Motor Company (HMC), South Korea and is the largest passenger car exporter and the second largest car manufacturer in India. HMIL presently markets 6 models of passenger cars across segments. The A2 segment includes the Santro, i10,eon and the i20, the A3 segment includes the Accent and the fluidic Verna and the fluidic elantra, the A5 segment includes the Sonata Transform and the SUV segment includes the Santa Fe. HMIL’s manufacturing plant near Chennai claims to have the most advanced production, quality and testing capabilities in the country To cater to rising demand, HMIL commissioned its second plant in February 2008, which produces an additional 300,000 units per annum, raising HMIL’s total production capacity to 600,000 units per annum. HMC has set up a research and development facility (Hyundai Motor India Engineering HMIE) in the cyber city of Hyderabad. As HMC’s global export hub for compact cars, HMIL is the first automotive company in India to achieve the export of 10 lakh cars in just over a decade. HMIL currently exports cars to more than 120 countries across EU, Africa, Middle East, Latin America, Asia and Australia. It has been the number one exporter of passenger cars of the country for the sixth year in a row. To support its growth and expansion plans, HMIL currently has a 307 strong dealer network and 627 strong service points across India, which will see further expansion in 2010. In July 2012, Arvind Saxena, the Director of Marketing and Sales stepped down from the position after serving the company for 7 long years. VISION/MISSION To create exceptional automotive value for our customers by harmoniously blending safety, quality and efficiency. With our diverse team, we will provide responsible stewardship to our community and environment while achieving stability and security now and for future generations. SWOT ANALYSIS A SWOT analysis (alternatively SWOT Matrix) is a structured planning method used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats involved in a project or in a business venture. Strengths Hyundai India has such a brand equity that it is almost assumed to be an Indian brand, with lot of good accolades for being India’s second most selling brand next to MUL in market share Hyundai Motor India limited is the largest car exporter from Asian Market which showed a 10% growth compared to last FY The domestic sales is increasing at an average rate of 19.1% HMIL is known for its quality products which has better performance and it has constantly been ahead in the race with Maruti Udyog limited in many parameters. The product length includes around 8 cars, starting from new Eon in small car segment to SUV segment Santa Fe Among the automobile players only HMIL is known for its CSR activities Hyundai products never fail to win laurels in each segment from various automobile ratings ever since its operations in India Hyundai , has the largest network of showrooms and service station next to Maruti in India An article in Economic times quoted that â€Å"Hyundai Eon launched, treads on Alto territory† indicated that Eon will act as a threat to reduction in Alto’s market share. Weaknesses HMIL took a long time to gain the market share as its not the first mover in India In terms of most reliable and trusted brand; Maruti is more strong in Indian subcontinent Spare parts of Hyundai vehicles are comparatively priced higher and spare parts do not have PAN India presence In SUV segment both Tucson and its next model Santa Fe didnt make a major impact Increase in commodity prices such as steel, aluminium and ancillary parts has affected margins Since HMIL concentrates on both domestic and International sales there are higher risks of exchange rate fluctuations As Hyundai majorly concentrates on quality, most of its product are in premium category in each segment. Hyundai is still struggling to make a better impact in small car segment in terms of cost efficiency like other manufactures Hyundai doesn’t have any product match to compete in Corporate orders like Tata Indica V2, Tata Sumo, Tata Indigo, Chevy Tavera, Ford Fiesta etc. These vehicles are most preferred in both cab segment and government booking for bulk orders Opportunities SIAM – Society of Indian automobile Manufacturers, have stated that there is steady increase in Car sales both Domestic and Indian contributing a valuable share in India’s Gdp The export markets growth rate is 22.  30% compared to last fiscal year The saving consumption pattern of India is an added advantage for any segment doing business in India. This was one of the major reason for Indian market to survive amidst global recession There is more scope of HMIL to enter into small car segment as its has dedicated RD plant in Hyderabad, India. Hyundai is one of the very few companies that has widest RD network across the world located in Korea, Europe, India, US, Japan Hyundai has very good opportunity in entering into commercial vehicles and Recreational vehicles as they are already doing well outside India. Currently HMIL has its focus only on Passenger car segment Threats Though Hyundai claims itself to have no direct competitors other than MUL, there are Indian players like Tata, Mahindra imposing a strong threat for Hyundai Motors India to expand its product category Foreign Direct Investments flowing in Indian automobile space are not good signs for already existing Giants like MUL and Hyundai. Almost all major automobile players have started invading India to open up their market and their manufacturing plant in India. †Chennai† is referred to as the Detroit of Asia! Hyundai faced a slight decline in market share due to tough competition from Ford’s Figo and Volkswagen- Polo Many manufacturers have started to concentrate on small car segment as an alternative to Nano. These will slowdown the expected sales of Eon. CHAPTER 3 BUSINESS LEVEL FUNCTIONS ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Organizational structure refers to the way that an organization arranges people and jobs so that its work can be performed and its goals can be met. When a work group is very small and face-to-face communication is frequent, formal structure may be unnecessary, but in a larger organization decisions have to be made about the delegation of various tasks. Thus, procedures are established that assign responsibilities for various functions. It is these decisions that determine the organizational structure. DEPARTMENTS IN HYUNDAI 1. Sales / Marketing The many roles of a marketing department include; making sure that the companys products focus on the target customer, keeping an eye on the competition, creating and promoting a good, strong brand, and looking for new markets. This department also has the duty of analysing the companys ability and developing strategies that are within those abilities. Marketing department functions of Hyundai Research function: the research function of marketing is that function of marketing that enables you to generate adequate information regarding your particular market of target. You must carry out adequate research to identify the size, behavior, culture, believe, genders etc. of your target market segment, their needs and want, and then develop effective product that can meet and satisfy these market needs and want. Promotion function: promotion is one of the core functions of marketing since your finish product must not remain in the place of production, hence, you as a marketer must design effective communication strategies to informing the availability of your product to your target market. After sales-service: in a more complex and technical product, you as a marketer should make provision in order to assist your customers after they have purchased your product. In terms of machines or heavy equipment product that requires installation or maintenance, most marketing organization renders such services like installing the machine or maintaining it for stipulated periods on time for free or by a little service charge. After sales services is an effective marketing strategy to building a long lasting customer relationship, staying ahead of your competitors while making profit for your organization. Risk bearing function: the process of moving a finished product from the point of production to the point of consumptions is characterized with lots of risks, such risks as in product damaging, pilferage and defaults etc. 2. Human resource department The HR department provides comprehensive human resource management services for the company. Its main functions include recruitment and selection processes; classification and pay systems; policy development and management; employee training and development programs; equal employment opportunity and affirmative action programming. Human resource department functions of Hyundai The automotive industry is broad, and has different businesses within it, so human resources for the automotive industry will vary. For example, human resources are needed to manufacture automobiles and need specific skills in order to do their jobs. To sell automobiles requires people who have a different set of skills. To fix automobiles requires human resources who have yet another skill set. Whether in the manufacturing, selling, leasing, or fixing automobile business, supervisors, managers, and leaders are required, and they, too, have skills that can include those mentioned above as well as demonstrate the ability to direct others. Even the automotive racing business requires human resources with skills that support the success of the racing business. Hiring Promotions Position classification and grading Salary determination Performance appraisal review and processing Personnel data entry and records maintenance Policy development 3. Finance department The part of an organization that manages its money. The business functions of a finance department typically include planning, organizing, auditing, accounting for and controlling its companys finances. The finance department also usually produces the companys financial statements. Finance department function of Hyundai The activities from a finance department cover a wide range from basic book keeping to providing information to assisting managers in making strategic decisions. At the base level, your finance department will be responsible for all the day to day transactional accounting for the business. This will include the tracking of all transactions and the management of any government reporting. An outside accounting firm is usually used for annual financial statements and returns. The finance department is also responsible for management of the organization’s cash flow and ensuring there are enough funds available to meet the day to day payments. Working capital management Cash management Risk management Portfolio management Preparing budget for marketing and HR department Analyzing financial health of the organization