Case Study On Improvement Of Low Voltage Power Engineering Essay

Case Study On Improvement Of Low Voltage Power Engineering Essay This case study provides investigations on low voltage power distribution system in terms of electrical system design at INTEC Section 17 Shah Alam. It was conducted to ensure that the system applied is viable where it could lead to reliable and economical distribution of power. Therefore, this project was focused on 415V feeder pillar where suggestion can be offered to improve the respected system design. Distribution system is a system built to provide a means of economically and reliably distributing power from one, or occasionally more than one main location to a number of geographically dispersed load centres within a defined site boundary [1]. Low voltage power distribution system is the portion between primary feeder and utilization equipment. Therefore, the purpose of low voltage distribution is to distribute power to end user where at the same time providing safe conditions. Internatioanl Education College (INTEC) Section 17, Shah Alam is the place where this case study was carried. The low voltage distribution system applied at INTEC is conventional simple radial distribution system where the operation and expansion of the system are simple. However, problems occur as the power transformer (2000kVA 11kV/433V) is overheated and the cables insulation of secondary windings is melted due to overload. The system itself is quite old where feeder pillar used to allocate the power to specify load is quite congested where it need some upgrade. Therefore, to tackle those problems regarding on low voltage distribution system, suggestions can be offered to improve the system that meets the specifications of electrical standard and at the same time satisfy the end users. Hopefully it can be additional information for the INTEC Facility Unit to overcome the problems and upgrade the respected feeder pillar to provide safe, economical and reliable power to the end users. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this case study are: To obtain a relative information regarding on the low voltage power distribution system of INTEC. To observe the congested feeder pillar design and implementation at INTEC. To identify problems related to the congested feeder pillar. To propose for the improvement of congested feeder pillar. METHODOLOGY The case study of low voltage power distribution at INTEC was carried out based on the primer source of information such as books, journals, articles and related electrical specifications by The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineer (IEE), Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), Suruhanjaya Tenaga (ST) and Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR). With cooperation of local Facility Unit of INTEC, observations of respected substation and feeder pillar have been done. Some photo and reading has been taken to visualize the respected problems regarding on the overheated transformer and congested feeder pillar. Therefore, from those data, suggestions can be offered to overcome the problems and at the same time to improve the congested feeder pillar. Finally, for future study, opinions can raised for the further improvement of low voltage power distribution system. LOW VOLTAGE POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Distribution Feeder Feeder is the distribution lines that carry power throughout the distribution system. Radial distribution feeders are characterized by having only single path for power to flow from the source (substation) to the consumer load. The distribution network is composed of the substations and the feeders that they supply. Feeders are composed of sections each serving a purpose. The mainline is the backbone of the feeder and is typically a three-phase line generally designed for 400A nominal and 600A contingency loading. From this mainline, three-phase or single-phase laterals extend. Laterals are branches that are connected to the main line to serve loads, which can have laterals of their own. To protect mainlines from faults in the laterals, these are typically fused or switched by remote reclosers. Figure 1. Electricity Supply Specification in Malaysia The most common configuration for feeders is a four-wire wye configuration; one conductor for each of the three phases plus a solid multi-grounded neutral conductor. Nevertheless, less common configurations are three wire wye and delta configurations. Four-wire wye configurations are extensively used for their safety and easy fault protection [4]-[7]. This circuit type permits the use of under-rated voltage equipment by using phase-to-ground voltages, and fuse protection for ground faults. Feeder Pillar Feeder Pillar is the electrical compartment that consists of equipment that distributes power to the respected loads. It controls the switching of load where at the same time provides protection to the distribution line. Conventional feeder pillar consists of busbar, circuit breaker, earthing protection and metering equipment. The loads can be calculated by (1) for single phase and (2) for three phase system where it is proportional to voltage (V), current (I) and angle between voltage and current (ÃŽ ¸): P=VI cos ÃŽ ¸. (1) P=√3 VI cos ÃŽ ¸. (2) By applying diversity factor, the load consumption should be less than the calculated value from (1) or (2) where the same load will not be used all the time. Diversity is the engineering principle that in any given installation, some of the connected loads will not be running at the same time instant as other loads [8]. Therefore the maximum demand of loads can be obtained to ensure that the cable and protection used is viable throughout the system. The voltage drop of cable is affected by cable length (L), tabulated voltage drop (mV/A/m) and the design current (Ib) as shown in (3). v.d. (V) = [(mV/A/m) L Ib]/1000. (3) Protection Moulded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB) is used to interrupt the current path during fault occurrence. It is applicable for TPN (Three Phase and Neutral) cables while Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) has lower rating compared to MCCB and it is only applied for SPN (Single Phase and Neutral) line. Earthing of the feeder pillar will provide protection from leakage current to ensure the safety to human from the danger of electric shocks during testing or maintenance. LOW VOLTAGE POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN INTEC INTEC HT Distribution System The incoming supply for INTEC from TNB is 11kV. Then it is step down to 415V by 2000KVA distribution transformer. The overall HT simplified schematic diagram of INTEC can be observed as below: Figure 2. Simplified schematic diagram for HT electrical system in INTEC Low Voltage Distribution System Next, the focus will be at Pencawang Elektrik No.1 where observation is done at Feeder Pillar No.1. The schematic diagram of LV side from Pencawang Elektrik No.1 can be seen from Fig. 3. INTEC used radial distribution feeder since it required lower cost, easier fault current protection, lower fault current and easier voltage control. Figure 3. MSB schematic diagram of LV at Pencawang Elektrik No. 1 Feeder Pillar Feeder Pillar No.1 is located between Block B (Cafeteria) and Block A (Computer Lab). This feeder pillar was connected from MSB. The maximum current rating for the MCCB of incoming is 600A. C:UsersuserDesktopINTECN8 Afdhalfeeder pillar 2.jpg Figure 4. Feeder Pillar No. 1 This respected feeder pillar distributes power to Bengkel Seni, Futsal Court, Cafeteria and Compound Feeder Pillar (Fig. 5). Figure 5. Schematic diagram for Feeder Pillar No.1 By applying the diversity factor, the value of protection and cable sizing shall fit the estimated load. TABLE.I shows the maximum load that the system can withstand at a time. The power at maximum demand is calculated using (2). The power factor is maintained at 0.85. TABLE I. LOAD AT MAXIMUM DEMAND Load Power (kW) MCCB Rating (A) Bengkel Seni 61.098 100 Futsal Court 38.492 63 Cafeteria 61.098 100 Compound Feeder Pillar 48.878 80 (Estimated value of load at maximum demand in Feeder Pillar No. 1) From the existing load as tabulated above, the calculated nominal current is 341.363A using (2). Therefore the rated current of MCCB for the incoming is viable where the rated current of MCCB is 600A. The cables are connected to the busbar. Types of cables used is 4 core, 0.6/1kV, Copper Cable with earth termination. The cables are terminated to the busbar as visualised in Fig.6. C:UsersuserDesktopINTECN8 Afdhalconnection 2.jpg Figure 6. Cables connection to the busbar. From the above figure, it can be observed that the cables connection quite messy where it is hard to indicate which cable is connected to their respected load. It is not labelled to identify the cable. If fault occurrence, it will took a time for the technician to perform maintenance due to the congested condition of the cable. The cable size for each line can be seen from TABLE II. TABLE II . CABLE SIZING Type MCCB (A) Cable Size (mm2) 2 x 4C XLPE 600 185 1 x 4C XLPE 100 50 1 x 4C XLPE 100 50 1 x 4C XLPE 80 35 1 x 4C XLPE 63 25 Earthing Earthing is purposely used to protect human from electric shock due to current leakage. Therefore this feeder pillar has the same earthing mechanism for safety reason. C:UsersuserDesktopINTEC1-3-2011 Firdaus N701032011023.jpg Figure 7. Earthing of Feeder Pillar No.1 From the fig. 7, all cables are terminated at the same point where it can provide easy path with a low resistance to earth and protect consumer from electric shock. However, those earth cables is not insulated which could lead to current leakage throughout the feeder pillar compartment in case the cable touch the wall of feeder pillar where it is made of steel (good conductor). Therefore, if such case happened it will cause electric shock to human who touch the feeder pillar. PROPOSED SYSTEM Radial Distribution System Improvement By referring back to the type of distribution feeder system approached at INTEC, radial type of distribution feeder is applied. Even though radial circuits are simpler to operate and maintain, in order to increase the reliability and power quality of distribution feeders, networked configurations must be used [4][5][8]. However the installation cost of network system will be major obstacle where it required total modification of system. Therefore, primary loop radial distribution system can be applied to make the system more reliable. Figure 8. Primary loop distribution system Figure 9. Proposed MCB Fig. 8 and 9 illustrate on how the system will look alike when improvement can be applied. The primary loop consists of two feeders which serve one or several loads. If one feeder fails, the normally open switch can be automatically (or manually) closed to feed the loads from the backup feeder, once the bad section has been sectionalized. This approach is very useful especially for underground cable system since the maintenance of underground cables is complex process that would create long interruptions if failure occurs. Feeder Pillar Proposed Design From the Feeder Pillar No.1, suggestion can be offered to improve the system is upgrading the feeder pillar to MSB. By referring back to fig. 5, there were two loads that have circuit breaker rating of 100A TPN MCCB while in the MSB as in fig. 3 there were spare load that can be used. Therefore those two loads from Cafeteria and Bengkel Seni can be directly connected to MSB. By this action, the congested condition of feeder pillar can be solved. Figure 10. Upgrade of feeder pillar to MSB Some benefits can be obtained if the load of Bengkel Seni and Cafeteria is transferred to MSB: If fault occur at Feeder Pillar No. 1, those loads will not being interrupted. Therefore it promises the continuity of power supply to the load. The voltage drop of each cable is shown in TABLE III. TABLE III. CABLE VOLTAGE DROP Size (mm2) mV/A/m Length (m) Ib Voltage Drop (V) 185 0.22 100 278.241 6.12 50 0.86 10 81.84 0.70 80 81.84 5.63 35 1.15 10 65.47 0.753 25 1.60 150 49.10 11.784 (Voltage drop of respected cable in the Feeder Pillar No.1) From TABLE III, it shows that the incoming cables itself occupy high voltage drop which is 6.12V for each cable. Then, if load of Bengkel Seni and Cafeteria is upgraded to MSB, the voltage drop can be observed from TABLE IV. TABLE IV. LOAD VOLTAGE DROP Load Calculated Voltage Drop (V) Future Length (m) Future Voltage Drop (V) Percentage (%) Bengkel Seni 11.75 180 12.67 3.05 Cafeteria 6.82 110 7.742 1.87 (Future voltage drop if load of Bengkel Seni and Cafeteria is upgraded into MSB) Although the voltage drop risen up since the length of occupied cable is increased, the voltage can be reduce by replacing higher cross sectional area of the cable. However, the value of voltage drop is still within the specified value of allowed voltage drop [8]. By connecting those loads to MSB, the existed feeder pillar will not be congested anymore. Those two loads that were directly connected to MSB will became spare and it can be used for future expansion of nearest building located near to the respected feeder pillar (refer fig. 11). Figure 11. Empty slot of loads acted as spare Therefore the future load will be based on TABLE V. Load Power (kW) MCCB Rating (A) Futsal Court 38.492 63 Compound Feeder Pillar 48.878 80 Spare Spare The total load at Feeder Pillar No.1 will be about only 70kW where the nominal current value from the incoming will be only 114.57V that could lead to only 2.52V of voltage drop. Earthing For earthing cable, it is wise to insulate those cables with PVC insulator to avoid any electric shock due to current leakage. It must meet the electrical standard where earth cable must be insulated with green or green/yellow insulation based on fig. 12 [6]. http://www.china-wire-cable.com/photo/6654ca80a2286ebde6efb52e3ffbab88/Earth-Cable.jpg Figure 12. Proper insulation of earth cable Comments and Suggestion The project will become a wise step to ensure that the respected Feeder Pillar No. 1 will become a reliable where it can provide a continuity of supply to a certain loads. However this project could not be implemented immediately since it will took period of time where maintenance underground cables is a complex task where it require skills and occupy more human power. In addition, the substation (PE No.1) need to be shutdown to perform the upgrade process where ironically the substation itself must distribute power to important places such as administration office where it operates 24 hours a day and 7 days per week. Therefore it is recommended that this project must be implemented during the holiday where the total shutdown of PE No.1 can be done and the task of upgrade of the system can be performed by the respected party. CONCLUSION From the case study that was carried out, it is necessary for Facility Unit of INTEC to consider those suggestions in order to overcome any problems related to low voltage power distribution system. FUTURE STUDY Surge protection was integrated within the low voltage distribution system to protect the system from lightning strikes. For future study, the recommendation that can be offered to further the respected case study is to perform research on surge protection system in low voltage power distribution system in INTEC. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author would like to express appreciation to his supervisor Ir. Harizan Che Mat Haris due to wise guidance and advices. For INTEC Facility Unit, the author felt pleasured to carry out this case study where he can affix his knowledge and gather more experience. Finally the author wants to offer his gratitude to people who was contributed toward the completion of this case study.

Homeschooling vs. Public Schooling Essay

Homeschool and public school, which one is better for my child? What about the cost? Which educational setting will my child benefit the most from? These are questions that parents need to ask before making a decision such as this one. Also, parents need to know that both homeschool and public schools appeal to people of all race, religion, and political viewpoints (Romanowski, 2001). Whether a parent chooses to homeschool their child or send them to public school, is a decision that needs to be researched on the performance, cost, and their child’s life after school. First, when choosing which educational setting is best for their child, parents need to research students’ performance for both types of schooling. Studies have shown that children who are homeschooled score better on test than those who are in public school (Some Fascinating Facts, n.d.). Possible reasons being that the homeschooled child has more one-on-one time with the teacher, and they are able to spend as much time as they need to on the subjects that they are struggling with, if any. The time that is allowed for each part of the curriculum may be too fast or too slow for the child who is attending public school (Homeschooling vs. Public, n.d.). Children who go to public schools are able to participate in group discussions and debates (Homeschooling vs. Public, n.d.). Students are able to develop their social skills, and learn to interact with children their own age. Next, the cost can also affect whether the parent decides to homeschool or  send their child to public school. Depending on the choices that a parent makes and the supplies that are needed, homeschooling one child can cost from $300-$2500 per year (Mohr, 2012). According to the National Retail Federation in 2012, the average cost for a parent to send their child to public school was around $634 per year (Klein, 2013). Lastly, depending on which educational setting the parent chooses can affect the student’s life after school. Children who were homeschooled had a GPA of 3.41 their freshman year of college, compared to other students who had a 3.12 (Some Fascinating Facts, n.d.). Students in public schools may even discover that the lessons they learned outside the classroom, in extracurricular activities such as basketball or chess club, help them cope with future challenges in the workplace (I Have A, n.d.). Therefore, choosing to homeschool or send a child to public school is not a very easy decision for parents to make; much thought and research needs to be done on students’ performance, the cost of each, and what is in store for the student after graduating. Homeschoolers score better on tests than those in the public setting. Though, children who are homeschooled are not able to participate in group discussions or even class debates. Homeschooling, for one child, can cost anywhere from $300 to $2500 per year; parents who decide to send their child to public school pay on average $634 a year. Homeschooled children had a better GPA their freshman year of college than the students who graduated from public school. The students who attend a public school and also are involved in some type of extracurricular activity, are able to cope better with the challenges in the workplace. Whatever educational setting the parent decides is best for their child, they need to know that there ar e both benefits and disadvantages with each decision. References â€Å"Homeschooling vs. Public Schooling.† (n.d.). _Homeschooling Ideas._ Retreived on May 24, 2014 from http://www.homeschooling-ideas.com/homeschooling-vs-public-school.html. I Have A Plan Iowa â„ ¢. (n.d.). _- Article_. Retrieved June 6, 2014, from https://www.ihaveaplaniowa.gov/Home/Article.aspx?articleId=IGeYH2kUApurN7JfmoFVeQXAP3DPAXXAP3DPAX&level=3XAP2FPAX6J7I3kztATGuYyXAP2BPAXDahIQXAP3DPAXXAP3DPAX. Klein, R. (August 20, 2013). â€Å"Back-To-School Shopping Costs: How Much Parents Should Expect To Spend This Year.† _Huffington Post._ Retrieved on May 24, 2014 from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/20/back-to-school-shopping_n_3751079.html. Mohr, A. (August 27, 2012), â€Å"How To Start Homeschooling Your Kids.† _Investopedia._ Retrieved on May 24, 2014 from http://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0812/how-to-start-homeschooling-your-kids.aspx. Romanowski, M. H. (2001). Undoing the ‘Us vs. Them’ of Public and Home Schooling. _Education Digest_, _66_(9), 41. â€Å"Some Fascinating Facts About Homeschool vs Public School.† (n.d). _Homeschool World_. Retrieved on 24 May 2014 from http://www.home-school.com/news/homeschool-vs-public-school.php.

Purchasing Descriptive Story Writing Essay Samples

Purchasing Descriptive Story Writing Essay Samples Even if you're a seasoned writer, a story web can offer you additional ideas for a plot line and hasten the idea generating process. In case you have any question or doubt, please don't hesitate to Contact Us. Make sure that you don't incorporate any new info to the last portion of your essay and just paraphrase everything which you've stated before. The following writing websites are excellent for writers who have a little extra time or will need to have a fast break and would like to spend it productively. If you would like practical tips on how to sell your books on Amazon and earn a living from your writing, you must read Steve Scott's blog. If you're intent on creating a living as a self-employed writer, you are going to be excited about C. Hope Clark's goldmine of resources. Jane Friedman has over 20 decades of experience in the book publishing market. Rachelle Gardner's website is just one of the most common literary-agent blogs. Based in Toronto, Wattpad is one of the biggest book communities on the net, and among the largest sources of free reads. Publetariat gives practical info on networking, author sites, and the publishing procedure. Writing a novel is an immense project, but there are a large selection of tools available that may produce the process itself much simpler. Whether you require memoir coaching, copywriting help, publishing advice or all the above, her website is a full of high-quality info. Excellent sample essays for young children aren't simple to locate. You have to have encountered all of these in the books you've been through. Perhaps you should quit reading and begin writing your novel. Secondly, and most significantly, fanfic authors can make money on what they wrote. A Startling Fact about Descriptive Story Writing Essay Samples Uncovered Together with the UK Essay Help undergraduates cannot be worried about the time but delight in a complete life. Making a map can help inspire fantastic adventures. The website is powered by communities. It is very well organized. Research is among your early and most vital actions in the practice of character development. In fact, it has shown that communication is only 10% of what we say and 90% of how we say it. No matter what you would like to achieve in 2016, we're confident you'll find superior inspiration and resources. The objective is to write something daily, whatever it is. Just make certain to pick a terrific subject, and it is going to already be half of your success. The playful strategy is important and it ought to be used whenever a kid has to handle an issue and he must address it somehow. An idea may be a child would like to develop into an astronaut. Just ensure that it is something which you require, not just something that you want in the brief term. If kids engage in writing from a young age, they will have the ability to expand their creative potential. The issue might be with the family of the kid and it can't be solved, but they are able to discover how to correctly live with this. There has to be a struggle the protagonist should attempt and fail at reaching his objective. Using a cliched character, you're signaling to your readers that no imagination and for that reason no interaction is demanded. Every character wants a selection. Perhaps your principal character had an opportunity to correct everything at the start of your book, and again in the center, but their flaw made them screw this up. In addition, there are many comics and lots of fan art. Take a look at the number of characters you've introduced and ask yourself whether you need all of them. On FanFiction you're able to come across stories about almost anything you want. An important issue is that you may enjoy reading stories from FanFiction on your cellular phone. There's no need to sign in in order to read the stories. Make certain you read their terms of service before you register. There'll always be days where the words simply don't appear to come. Write backwards or within a foreign language.

The Downfall of Victor Frankenstein - 1877 Words

Katy Yu Mrs. Hagburg English IV 30 November 2010 The Downfall of Victor Frankenstein In many situations today, the children most common problem can be trace back to their family issue. Without a strong bond of relationship between their parents can consequently cause a destruction of children’s future. Even more, the children grow up unsteadily with aggressive behavior and the sign of depression. This has come to be a controversial issue and as well the depth of the story that is contain in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. To many misinterpretations from the movie, the creature itself was to accused to be a villain in the plot. As it show in Mary Shelly’s novel a deeper analysis has reveal that Victor Frankenstein is the real blame for†¦show more content†¦These curiosities should have been answer by a parent, Victor Frankenstein. However, Victor never put any effort in guiding the poor and innocent child. Evelyn Yeo in â€Å"How Does Emotional Abuse Affect Self- Esteem,† concludes that from the time of infant-hood to childhood, a chi ld’s sense of self is defined by how he was treated and what he was told by his parents and primary caregivers. Infants especially, have no knowledge of who they are as a separate person so they rely heavily on their parents’ feedback. From parents’ trust, affection, and encouragement, the child will eventually grow up with confidence and achieve potential to make him or her parents’ proud. Overtime, self esteem will soon build upon them so they are prepared to be set in the real world (1). On the other hands, these stages in helping and encouraging a kid are important for them to able to become an adult. But once again, Frankenstein never displays how a father would act. Yet, Victor only showed sign of terror by the repulsive exterior of the creature. 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